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您的当前位置:首页 > 财经资讯 > 宏观经济 > 国际宏观 > 正文

经济学人:疫情重创印度经济

05/26
2020
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经济学人:疫情重创印度经济(2020.05.26) .zhubiaoti {font-family: 黑体;font-size:18pt;line-height:23pt; text-align:center;FONT-weight:800;color:black} .fubiaoti {font-family: 黑体;font-size:14pt;line-height:20pt; text-align:center;FONT-weight:700;color:black} .zhongwen{font-size:12pt;line-height:180%} .yingwen{font-size:13pt;line-height:150%} .tiyao{font-family: 楷体_GB2312;font-size:14pt;line-height:150%}   提要:结束了严格封城的印度面临困境。虽然居家隔离压低了疫情增长曲线,但封城措施却不足以控制疫情扩散。随着封城的解除,印度街头与工厂的传染性将比封城之初更强。事实上,印度付出的经济代价已经超过了很多原本受疫情打击更重的国家。高盛预计,印度经济2季度折年率将萎缩45%,2020年全年将下滑5%以上,前提是下半年经济强劲反弹。印度智库全国应用经济研究协会预计,除非政府实施巨额经济刺激,否则本财年印度GDP将下滑12.5%。鉴于当前的经济困境,印度总理莫迪宣布了巨额经济刺激计划,但该计划受到了多方面质疑。   (外脑精华·北京)结束了连续2个月的严格封城,印度面临着困境。居家隔离规则确实压低了疫情增长曲线。因此,尽管印度人口高达瑞典的134倍,但已知的新冠疫情死亡人数却少于该国。然而,印度的封城措施却不足以控制疫情。正如一位传染病学家所说,印度更注重控制人而非控制病毒。因此,官方发布的每日死亡人数已稳步增至150人,而且还在上升。随着封城的解除,印度街头与工厂的传染性将比封城之初更强。   经济代价巨大   事实上,印度付出的经济代价已经超过了很多原本受疫情打击更重的国家。仅仅3月份,印度就有至少1.4亿劳动者失业,令全国失业率由8%飙升至史无前例的26%。大约8000万~1亿农民工在绝望中想要返回赤贫的农村。而大批印度海外劳工要么大幅减少了向国内的汇款,要么计划回国。相比之下,占就业人口10%的正式员工处境较好,但这在一定程度上是因为雇主尽可能推迟裁员的缘故。而今,正式员工被裁减的数量正在迅速增加。   投行高盛预计,印度经济2季度折年率将萎缩45%,2020年全年将下滑5%以上,前提是下半年经济强劲反弹。印度智库全国应用经济研究协会预计,除非政府实施巨额经济刺激,否则本财年印度GDP将下滑12.5%。   刺激计划受质疑   鉴于当前的经济困境,印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪于5月12日,政府将新增2650亿美元开支(相当于该国GDP的10%)以刺激经济。此后5天中,多名财政部官员在镜头前详细说明了这项计划的细节。   然而,尽管分析家预计,新增支出将使印度的中央和邦政府预算赤字升至GDP的12%左右,并令该国的债务-GDP比率达到惊人的80%,但很多人还是怀疑这项财政刺激机制难以奏效。财经日报《Mint》的一位编辑称,印度需要的是立即投入巨资刺激流通。然而莫迪政府实施的并非需求侧刺激措施,而是一系列供给侧措施,如信用担保,以及中期才能产生效力的改革举措。而且,大部分刺激措施要么属于先前宣布过的举措,要么是央行提振信贷的措施。据估算,真正的新增财政支出仅为印度GDP的0.7%~1.3%,远低于政府宣称的10%。   莫迪的拥护者解释说,这是为了保持政府应对能力的谨慎之举,因为印度政府预算仅为GDP的六分之一,远低于富国的水平;何况现在还不清楚危机何时结束。印度政府不是简单地给穷人发钱,而是旨在推动雇员人数最多并构成国民经济骨干的小企业增加借贷与投资。政府大大增加了农村就业计划的开支。而且,消除农产品的国内贸易壁垒、以及建立全国食品配送体系等改革措施不仅令穷人获益,而且也能节省政府资金。   即便如此,批评莫迪政府吝啬的并不只是左翼。印度的诺贝尔经济学奖得主阿马蒂亚·森(Amartya Sen)和阿比吉特·巴纳吉(Abhijit Banerjee)曾表示,不超过每月100美元的紧急援助可帮助很多家庭渡过危机。而印度政府所做的却是,向约2亿贫困妇女每人每月发放6.6美元,向约7000万农民每人一次性发放26美元。印度约有60%人口生活在世行认定的中低收入国家贫困线(每天3.2美元)以下,即使对这些人来说,印度政府发放的微薄援助也支撑不了多久。早在新冠疫情爆发之前,巨额坏账已对印度的支出和投资构成重压。然而,看起来印度政府和央行都希望通过鼓励贷款来重振经济。批评家认为,在上一轮借贷热潮的遗留问题尚未解决的情况下便想发动新一轮热潮,这种愿望不仅过于乐观,而且愚蠢。正如专栏作家Vivek Kaul所说,指望银行贷款加速增长纯属白日梦。   英文原文: Lockdown and out   The coronavirus is still proliferating, as are the economic consequences of attempting to slow its spread   Emerging from two months under one of the world’s most stringent covid-19 lockdowns, India faces a double dilemma. The stay-at-home rules did indeed bend the virus’s growth curve. This means that, so far, fewer Indians are known to have died of the disease than Swedes, even though India has 134 times more people. Yet India’s lockdown failed to bend it far enough. “We put more effort into containing the people than containing the virus,” as one epidemiologist puts it. As a result, official covid-19 deaths have risen steadily to 150 a day and are still rising. The streets and workplaces that 1.3bn Indians are returning to will be more virus-infested than when the lockdown started.   Already, however, India has paid a heavier economic price for the lockdown than have many countries initially hit harder by covid-19. In March alone no fewer than 140m workers are thought to have lost their jobs, catapulting the unemployment rate from 8% to an unprecedented 26% nationwide (see chart). Some 10m-80m migrants—the vagueness of the estimates speaks of the invisibility of the working underclass of street hawkers, labourers and factory hands—have despaired and tried to return to impoverished villages. Millions more Indians who work abroad have either sharply reduced their remittances or plan to return home. The 10% of the workforce in formal employment has fared better, but this is partly because employers have held off firing them for as long as possible. Only now are those cuts multiplying.   Goldman Sachs, a bank, expects the economy to contract by 45% this quarter at an annualised rate, and by 5% over the full year, assuming a big bounce in the second half. The National Council of Applied Economic Research, a think-tank in Delhi, predicts a contraction of 12.5% this fiscal year unless there is a huge stimulus.   Recognising the pain, Narendra Modi, the prime minister, on May 12th pledged an almost mythical-sounding 20 lakh crore rupees of fresh government spending, equivalent to $265bn or 10% of GDP, to reignite growth. Over the next five days a bank of finance-ministry officials faced cameras, unveiling slice after slice of measures, carefully designed to add up to Mr Modi’s magic number.   Yet although analysts expect the extra spending to push the budget deficits of the central government and the states to about 12% of GDP, and raise the country’s overall debt-to-GDP ratio to a wobbly 80%, many doubt that the measures will work. “What we needed was large tranches of money to go into circulation without ado,” said an editorial in Mint, a financial daily. But instead of a demand-side boost, and in particular urgent cash support for the poorest, what Mr Modi delivered was a hotchpotch of supply-side inducements and prods such as credit guarantees, along with reforms whose impact will only be felt in the medium term, at the earliest. Most of the stimulus was made up either of previously announced measures, or central bank moves to spur lending. Estimates of the actual new fiscal commitment by Mr Modi’s government range from a puny 0.7% of GDP to 1.3%, a far cry from the touted 10%.   Predictably, Mr Modi’s defenders explain that it is prudent to keep the government’s powder dry, considering that its budget amounts to just a sixth of GDP—far less than in richer countries—and it is not yet clear when the crisis will end. Instead of simply throwing money at the poor, the government has instead made it far easier for the small firms that employ most Indians, and form the backbone of the economy, to borrow and invest. The government has, to its credit, enormously increased spending on a rural jobs programme that Mr Modi dismissed as a boondoggle while in opposition. And such reforms as eliminating restrictions on the internal trade in agricultural goods and switching to a national, rather than state-based, system for distributing subsidised food are not just helpful to the poor, but also save the government money.   Even so, it is not just soft-hearted lefties who accuse Mr Modi of stinginess. Two of India’s Nobel laureates, the economists Amartya Sen and Abhijit Banerjee, had suggested that monthly emergency payments of up to $100 could help tide over many families. Instead, the sums offered so far amount to $6.60 each a month for perhaps 200m poor women, and promises of a one-off $26 apiece to some 70m farmers. Even for the 60% of Indians who survive on less than $3.20 a day, the World Bank’s poverty line for lower middle-income countries, such measly sums will not last long, much less stimulate the demand needed to generate jobs. A mountain of bad debt was already weighing on spending and investment before the coronavirus came along. Yet the government and the central bank seem to be hoping to revive the economy by encouraging lending. Critics see attempts to spur a borrowing binge before the wreckage of the previous one has been cleared away as not just optimistic, but foolhardy. “Expecting bank loans to grow more rapidly now is at best a pipe dream,” says Vivek Kaul, a columnist. 来源:经济学人 \t
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法国巴黎资产管理全球首席策略师:疫情将令全球经济和商业出现结构性调整

11/20
2020
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新一波新冠肺炎疫情将如何影响全球经济?全球各政府和央行的刺激措施能在多大程度上起到作用?后疫情时代全球经济将走向何方? 法国巴黎资产管理全球首席策略师丹尼尔·莫里斯近日在伦敦接受了《顶级投资人》的专访。 面对来势汹汹的二次疫情,他预言,全球经济情况会好于半年前第一波疫情开始的时候,因为各国政府吸取了经验教训。针对各国政府和央行推出的天量刺激措施,他说,刺激对于推动经济复苏至关重要,但全球经济也将为此付出巨大代价。对于后疫情时代,他则认为,疫情将会拖累全球增长,不过,由于经济和社会理念导致的政策差异,不同经济体的增长情况将不尽相同。 第一财经:目前欧美正在经历二次疫情,全球经济受挫程度是否会大于第一波疫情? 莫里斯:我们并不这样认为。尽管各国限制举措可能会继续升级,但一般来说,各国政府从三月和四月的第一波疫情中学到了经验:第一,封锁的经济代价明显非常高;其次,相关举措带来的次生影响也很明显,比如封锁之下居民的个人损失、心理创伤,以及(封锁)导致学生无法正常上学,还有身患其他疾病的居民,在封锁期间难以获得药物等,所有这些都是封锁的代价。 第一财经:非常时期需要非常手段,同时,你认为全球各国将为天量刺激计划付出怎样的代价? 莫里斯:这是我们每个人不得不面对的关键问题。二十年前,人们可能会说,当债务过高的时候,要么直接违约;要么提高通胀,通过货币贬值来实现债务减记。但在全球金融危机之后,情况有所变化,目前看起来更像日本。日本债务水平很高,大量债券由日本央行购买和持有,债务占日本国内生产总值(GDP)之比很高。但他们出现的问题恰恰相反,通胀不但没有走高,日本经济反而陷入低通胀的泥淖。我们似乎走入了一个新世界:一方面债务高企,但另一方面,经济增长低迷,利率也趋于下行。 第一财经:作为投资人,在疫情之中,你捕捉到的全球市场和世界经济中的变化和趋势是什么? 莫里斯:一部分趋势在疫情之前便已出现,但因为疫情被显著提速。比如远程电子问诊,尽管早已出现,但过去这些年在英国发展缓慢。疫情期间,电子问诊在几个月时间里完成了之前需要几年的跨越式发展。还有电商在疫情时候的突飞猛进,无需赘言。 另一些是人们没有预想到的新趋势,包括但不限于居家办公。即便在疫情之后,我们也会将更多的办公时间放在家中。对于零售业也是如此,当我们回归常态,不管新的常态怎样,我们还会像曾经那样去购物中心和线下商城吗?可能会,可能不会。但如果,线上购物增加,线下购物减少,线下的购物空间将会如何变化?传统零售业从业者会如何变化?传统的市区零售业创造的税收会如何变化?这些问题都值得思考。 第一财经:那么,疫情将会如何重塑全球经济? 莫里斯:需要看看各国都是如何应对疫情带来的挑战。在有些地方,比如中国和其他一些亚洲国家都较为成功地应对了疫情,不管是疫情本身带来的冲击,还是封锁措施带来的影响,都没有留下太多明显的长期性的损伤。 然而,在欧洲、美国、拉丁美洲、南亚等地不是这样。一些国家和地区受到的冲击更为严重,疫情对经济的影响更为剧烈。可以看看美国和欧洲大陆在应对疫情方面的政策对比。以美国为例,当危机出现,如果政府对经济干预较少,经济衰退将会更加严重,失业人数将会出现激增,但与之对应的是,经济完成调整会相对更快,然后经济会出现反弹。 相比之下,因为是高福利国家,欧洲大陆国家更重视保护就业和民生。我并不是说美国和欧洲孰对孰错,只是价值观和文化有所差异。但这种主张保护的态度,将会导致经济增长更弱。因为在政府的强力干预下,经济并不能迅速反应和完成调整。这就是为什么美国和欧洲大陆会出现不同的经济展望。即便在疫情之前,长期来看,美国的经济潜力也要优于欧洲。而这种差距如今可能只会更大,因为两个地区采取的应对策略不同。 第一财经:你觉得新冠肺炎疫情会产生怎样的经济遗产? 莫里斯:这个问题非常值得探讨。可能会拖累部分国家和地区的经济增长,比如经济体制相对不那么灵活和劳动力市场相对不那么灵活的国家和地区,他们会更难适应疫情带来的经济领域的长期变化。 即便我们有了疫苗,即便疫情已经过去,如果要你飞越大半个地球去开会、去见客户,大家也会比过去更加仔细地考虑。因此,对那些倚重国际出行的行业,疫情造成的影响是长远的。而全球经济和商业会出现结构性调整。 但就像蛋糕的切法改变了,并不意味着整个蛋糕会缩小。经济会复苏,增长会继续,但毫无疑问,经济构成会被重塑。那些经济体制更灵活、经济生态更加繁荣的国家和地区,在经济调整的过程中受益最大。而在那些更注重保护(民众福利)的国家和地区,则需要更长的时间来适应。 [151] \t
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